No cluster D of personality disorders is currently featured in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, text revision (DSM-5-TR). Only clusters A, B, and C are recognized as formal categories for personality disorders.

The DSM-5-TR is the go-to diagnostic handbook for most U.S. mental health professionals. Currently, it features 10 personality disorders categorized into 3 groups or clusters (A, B, and C) based on common features shared across conditions.

A personality disorder is a long-standing pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that manifests across multiple life dimensions and usually contrasts with other people’s experiences within the same culture or situation. It leads to distress and negatively impacts the way you see yourself and the world.

Despite common features, each personality disorder in clusters A, B, and C has its own diagnostic criteria.

The DSM-5-TR groups personality disorders into three clusters. Clusters A, B, and C are the only recognized groups of personality disorders. There are no cluster D personality disorders.

Here are the 10 formal personality disorders:

  • Cluster A: According to the DSM-5-TR, these personality disorders are characterized by odd and eccentric features as well as difficulty forming close relationships with others. Cluster A personality disorders include:
    • Paranoid personality disorder: You may persistently interpret situations and other people’s behaviors as threatening or judgmental, leading you to distrust others and feel anger toward them.
    • Schizoid personality disorder: You may have no interest in establishing connections with other people, including family members, and prefer solitary activities most of the time.
    • Schizotypal personality disorder: You may have a very unique style of dressing, behaving, and speaking, which others may refer to as eccentric. You may have a distorted perception of yourself and others, and persistently avoid talking with other people because you distrust them.
  • Cluster B: Personality disorders in this cluster share emotional, erratic, and dramatic features. Cluster B personality disorders include:
    • Antisocial personality disorder: Previously referred to as psychopathy or sociopathy, this disorder may involve acting impulsively and often manipulative or aggressively toward others, having low empathy, and lacking remorse.
    • Borderline personality disorder: Constant shifts in your mood and perception about yourself characterize this condition. You may experience intense despair, especially if you believe someone doesn’t love you or will leave, and may use manipulation tactics to get attention.
    • Histrionic personality disorder: A persistent need to get the attention and approval of others, mixed with a tendency to overdramatize, are core features of this condition.
    • Narcissistic personality disorder: The condition is often manifested as a sense of grandiosity, manipulation tendencies, and low empathy toward others. Low tolerance to criticism and rejection, and fantasies of power and superiority are also common.
  • Cluster C: Conditions in this group share anxious and fearful traits or characteristics. Cluster C personality disorders include:
    • Avoidant personality disorder: Avoidance of interpersonal and social interactions, unwillingness to undergo change, and fear of rejection characterize this condition.
    • Dependent personality disorder: This disorder involves a persistent fear of separation and rejection and a need for others to take command of decisions and problems. Self-doubt, fear of conflict, and people-pleasing tendencies are also common.
    • Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: Not to be confused with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), this personality disorder manifests with an intense preoccupation with details and rules, perfectionism, and inflexibility to change.

No cluster D personality disorders are currently or have ever been featured in the DSM-5-TR. Instead, the 10 recognized personality disorders are grouped in clusters A, B, and C based on common behavioral tendencies and features.