Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of intestinal disorders that cause prolonged inflammation of the digestive tract. It can include ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn’s disease.
Both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis involve inflammation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and can cause a wide range of symptoms, varying in intensity and duration. Understanding these symptoms is crucial for early diagnosis, effective treatment, and improved quality of life.
Abdominal pain and cramping
One of the hallmark symptoms of IBD is abdominal discomfort, often accompanied by cramping. In Crohn’s disease, this pain is typically located in the lower right abdomen, while in ulcerative colitis, it may be more generalized or confined to the left side of the abdomen.
The pain is usually a result of inflammation or ulceration within the intestines and can range from mild to severe.
Diarrhea
Diarrhea is a common symptom of both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, especially during flare-ups. This is often accompanied by urgency, where the individual feels an immediate need to use the bathroom.
In ulcerative colitis, diarrhea may be mixed with blood or mucus, whereas in Crohn’s disease, diarrhea may be accompanied by undigested food particles, depending on the location of the inflammation.
Blood in the stool
Blood in the stool is a prominent symptom, especially in ulcerative colitis. It often appears as bright red blood or dark, tarry stools, depending on the severity of the condition and the extent of ulceration. This is indicative of active inflammation and may be associated with rectal bleeding.
In Crohn’s disease, blood may also appear in the stool, but it is less common and typically occurs when there is significant damage to the intestines.
Weight loss and malnutrition
Unexplained weight loss is a concerning symptom of IBD. Chronic inflammation interferes with nutrient absorption, leading to malnutrition.
This is particularly true in Crohn’s disease, where the inflammation can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, including the small intestine, which plays a crucial role in nutrient absorption. This, combined with reduced appetite and frequent diarrhea, can result in significant weight loss.
Fatigue
Chronic fatigue is a pervasive symptom among those with IBD. The constant inflammation, combined with nutritional deficiencies and poor sleep due to nighttime symptoms, can contribute to feelings of exhaustion.
Fatigue can be further exacerbated by anemia, which occurs due to blood loss or malabsorption of iron.
Fever
During active flare-ups, fever is a common symptom of IBD. This typically signifies systemic inflammation and may be associated with infection if there is a complication such as abscess or fistula formation.
A persistent low-grade fever is often seen in Crohn’s disease, whereas ulcerative colitis may lead to a higher fever during acute exacerbations.
Urgency and tenesmus
Tenesmus refers to the feeling of needing to pass stool even when the bowels are empty, and it is a common symptom in ulcerative colitis. It can lead to frequent and uncontrollable urges to use the restroom, creating significant distress for the patient.
This symptom may be accompanied by painful or incomplete bowel movements.
While the primary symptoms of IBD affect the gastrointestinal system, IBD can also cause symptoms and complications that involve other parts of the body.
These may include joint pain, skin rashes, eye inflammation (uveitis or episcleritis), and liver disease. Extra-intestinal manifestations are common in IBD patients and can complicate the diagnosis and management of the condition.
Symptoms of IBD can be varied and impact different aspects of a person’s health. A combination of gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms often complicates the condition.
Recognizing the signs of IBD early—such as persistent abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and fatigue—can lead to prompt treatment and better long-term outcomes. If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to consult your healthcare professional for evaluation and possible treatment options.